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PostgreSQL: Joins

This PostgreSQL tutorial explains how to use PostgreSQL JOINS (inner and outer) with syntax, visual illustrations, and examples.

Description

PostgreSQL JOINS are used to retrieve data from multiple tables. A PostgreSQL JOIN is performed whenever two or more tables are joined in a SQL statement.

There are different types of PostgreSQL joins:

  • PostgreSQL INNER JOIN (or sometimes called simple join)
  • PostgreSQL LEFT OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called LEFT JOIN)
  • PostgreSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called RIGHT JOIN)
  • PostgreSQL FULL OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called FULL JOIN)

So let's discuss PostgreSQL JOIN syntax, look at visual illustrations of PostgreSQL JOINS, and explore JOIN examples.

INNER JOIN (simple join)

Chances are, you've already written a statement that uses a PostgreSQL INNER JOIN. It is the most common type of join. PostgreSQL INNER JOINS return all rows from multiple tables where the join condition is met.

Syntax

The syntax for the INNER JOIN in PostgreSQL is:

SELECT columns
FROM table1 
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

Visual Illustration

In this visual diagram, the PostgreSQL INNER JOIN returns the shaded area:

PostgreSQL

The PostgreSQL INNER JOIN would return the records where table1 and table2 intersect.

Example

Here is an example of a PostgreSQL INNER JOIN:

SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers 
INNER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

This PostgreSQL INNER JOIN example would return all rows from the suppliers and orders tables where there is a matching supplier_id value in both the suppliers and orders tables.

Let's look at some data to explain how the INNER JOINS work:

We have a table called suppliers with two fields (supplier_id and supplier_name). It contains the following data:

supplier_id supplier_name
10000 IBM
10001 Hewlett Packard
10002 Microsoft
10003 NVIDIA

We have another table called orders with three fields (order_id, supplier_id, and order_date). It contains the following data:

order_id supplier_id order_date
500125 10000 2013/05/12
500126 10001 2013/05/13
500127 10004 2013/05/14

If we run the PostgreSQL SELECT statement (that contains an INNER JOIN) below:

SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers
INNER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

Our result set would look like this:

supplier_id name order_date
10000 IBM 2013/05/12
10001 Hewlett Packard 2013/05/13

The rows for Microsoft and NVIDIA from the supplier table would be omitted, since the supplier_id's 10002 and 10003 do not exist in both tables. The row for 500127 (order_id) from the orders table would be omitted, since the supplier_id 10004 does not exist in the suppliers table.

Old Syntax

As a final note, it is worth mentioning that the PostgreSQL INNER JOIN example above could be rewritten using the older implicit syntax as follows (but we still recommend using the INNER JOIN keyword syntax):

SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers, orders
WHERE suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

LEFT OUTER JOIN

Another type of join is called a PostgreSQL LEFT OUTER JOIN. This type of join returns all rows from the LEFT-hand table specified in the ON condition and only those rows from the other table where the joined fields are equal (join condition is met).

Syntax

The syntax for the PostgreSQL LEFT OUTER JOIN is:

SELECT columns
FROM table1
LEFT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

Visual Illustration

In this visual diagram, the PostgreSQL LEFT OUTER JOIN returns the shaded area:

PostgreSQL

The PostgreSQL LEFT OUTER JOIN would return the all records from table1 and only those records from table2 that intersect with table1.

Example

Here is an example of a PostgreSQL LEFT OUTER JOIN:

SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers
LEFT OUTER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

This LEFT OUTER JOIN example would return all rows from the suppliers table and only those rows from the orders table where the joined fields are equal.

If a supplier_id value in the suppliers table does not exist in the orders table, all fields in the orders table will display as <null> in the result set.

Let's look at some data to explain how LEFT OUTER JOINS work:

We have a table called suppliers with two fields (supplier_id and supplier_name). It contains the following data:

supplier_id supplier_name
10000 IBM
10001 Hewlett Packard
10002 Microsoft
10003 NVIDIA

We have a second table called orders with three fields (order_id, supplier_id, and order_date). It contains the following data:

order_id supplier_id order_date
500125 10000 2013/05/12
500126 10001 2013/05/13

If we run the SELECT statement (that contains a LEFT OUTER JOIN) below:

SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers
LEFT OUTER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

Our result set would look like this:

supplier_id supplier_name order_date
10000 IBM 2013/05/12
10001 Hewlett Packard 2013/05/13
10002 Microsoft <null>
10003 NVIDIA <null>

The rows for Microsoft and NVIDIA would be included because a LEFT OUTER JOIN was used. However, you will notice that the order_date field for those records contains a <null> value.

RIGHT OUTER JOIN

Another type of join is called a PostgreSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN. This type of join returns all rows from the RIGHT-hand table specified in the ON condition and only those rows from the other table where the joined fields are equal (join condition is met).

Syntax

The syntax for the PostgreSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN is:

SELECT columns
FROM table1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

Visual Illustration

In this visual diagram, the PostgreSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns the shaded area:

PostgreSQL

The PostgreSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN would return the all records from table2 and only those records from table1 that intersect with table2.

Example

Here is an example of a PostgreSQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN:

SELECT orders.order_id, orders.order_date, suppliers.supplier_name
FROM suppliers
RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

This RIGHT OUTER JOIN example would return all rows from the orders table and only those rows from the suppliers table where the joined fields are equal.

If a supplier_id value in the orders table does not exist in the suppliers table, all fields in the suppliers table will display as <null> in the result set.

Let's look at some data to explain how RIGHT OUTER JOINS work:

We have a table called suppliers with two fields (supplier_id and supplier_name). It contains the following data:

supplier_id supplier_name
10000 Apple
10001 Google

We have a second table called orders with three fields (order_id, supplier_id, and order_date). It contains the following data:

order_id supplier_id order_date
500125 10000 2013/08/12
500126 10001 2013/08/13
500127 10002 2013/08/14

If we run the SELECT statement (that contains a RIGHT OUTER JOIN) below:

SELECT orders.order_id, orders.order_date, suppliers.supplier_name
FROM suppliers
RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

Our result set would look like this:

order_id order_date supplier_name
500125 2013/08/12 Apple
500126 2013/08/13 Google
500127 2013/08/14 <null>

The row for 500127 (order_id) would be included because a RIGHT OUTER JOIN was used. However, you will notice that the supplier_name field for that record contains a <null> value.

FULL OUTER JOIN

Another type of join is called a PostgreSQL FULL OUTER JOIN. This type of join returns all rows from the LEFT-hand table and RIGHT-hand table with nulls in place where the join condition is not met.

Syntax

The syntax for the PostgreSQL FULL OUTER JOIN is:

SELECT columns
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

Visual Illustration

In this visual diagram, the PostgreSQL FULL OUTER JOIN returns the shaded area:

PostgreSQL

The PostgreSQL FULL OUTER JOIN would return the all records from both table1 and table2.

Example

Here is an example of a PostgreSQL FULL OUTER JOIN:

SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers
FULL OUTER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

This FULL OUTER JOIN example would return all rows from the suppliers table and all rows from the orders table and whenever the join condition is not met, <nulls> would be extended to those fields in the result set.

If a supplier_id value in the suppliers table does not exist in the orders table, all fields in the orders table will display as <null> in the result set. If a supplier_id value in the orders table does not exist in the suppliers table, all fields in the suppliers table will display as <null> in the result set.

Let's look at some data to explain how FULL OUTER JOINS work:

We have a table called suppliers with two fields (supplier_id and supplier_name). It contains the following data:

supplier_id supplier_name
10000 IBM
10001 Hewlett Packard
10002 Microsoft
10003 NVIDIA

We have a second table called orders with three fields (order_id, supplier_id, and order_date). It contains the following data:

order_id supplier_id order_date
500125 10000 2013/08/12
500126 10001 2013/08/13
500127 10004 2013/08/14

If we run the SQL statement (that contains a FULL OUTER JOIN) below:

SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers
FULL OUTER JOIN orders
ON suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;

Our result set would look like this:

supplier_id supplier_name order_date
10000 IBM 2013/08/12
10001 Hewlett Packard 2013/08/13
10002 Microsoft <null>
10003 NVIDIA <null>
<null> <null> 2013/08/14

The rows for Microsoft and NVIDIA would be included because a FULL OUTER JOIN was used. However, you will notice that the order_date field for those records contains a <null> value.

The row for supplier_id 10004 would be also included because a FULL OUTER JOIN was used. However, you will notice that the supplier_id and supplier_name field for those records contain a <null> value.